2011年11月翻译资格考试三级英语笔译实务真题

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2011 年 11 月翻译资格考试三级英语笔译实务真题

Section1：英译汉（50 分）

This month, the United Nations Development Program made water and sanitation

the centerpiece of its flagship publication, the Human Development Report. 

Claims of a "water apartheid," where poor people pay more for water than the

rich, are bound to attract attention. But what are the economics behind the

problem, and how can it be fixed? In countries that have trouble delivering

clean water to their people, a lack of infrastructure is often the culprit.

People in areas that are not served by public utilities have to rely on

costlier ways of getting water, such as itinerant water trucks and treks to

wells. Paradoxically, as the water sources get costlier, the water itself tends

to be more dangerous. Water piped by utilities - to the rich and the poor alike

- is usually cleaner than water trucked in or collected from an outdoor tank.

The problem exists not only in rural areas but even in big cities, said Hakan

Bjorkman, program director of the UN agency in Thailand. Further, subsidies

made tolocal water systems often end up benefiting people other than the poor,

he added.    

The agency proposes a three-step solution. First, make access to 20 liters, or

5 gallons, of clean water a day a human right. Next, make local governments

accountable for delivering this service. Last, invest in infrastructure to link

people to water mains.The report says governments, especially in developing

countries, should spend at least 1 percent of gross domestic product on water

and sanitation. It also recommends that foreign aid be more directed toward

these problems. Clearly, this approach relies heavily on government

intervention, something Bjorkman readily acknowledged. But there are some

market-based approaches as well.   

By offering cut-rate connections to poor people to the water mainline, the

private water utility in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, has steadily increased access to

clean water, according to the agency's report. A subsidy may not even be

necessary, despite the agency's proposals, if a country can harness the

economic benefits of providing clean water.   

People who receive clean water are much less likely to die from water-borne

diseases - a common malady in the developing world - and much more likely to

enjoy long, productive, taxpaying lives that can benefit their host countries.

So if a government is trying to raise financing to invest in new

infrastructure, it might find receptive ears in private credit markets - as

long as it can harness the return. Similarly, private companies may calculate

that it is worth bringing clean water to an area if its residents are willing

to pay back the investment over many years.   

In the meantime, some local solutions are being found. In Thailand, Bjorkman

said, some small communities are taking challenges like water access upon

themselves. "People organize themselves in groups to leverage what little

resources they have to help their communities," he said. "That's especially

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