2011考研英语二真题及答案

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2011 考研英语二真题及答案

Section IUse of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and

mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and

freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of

cyber-crime that has 1  across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved 2  bringing safety and security to a world

that seems increasingly 3   ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal

government a 4  to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted

identity” system that would be the high-tech 5  of a physical key, a

fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6  one. The system might use a

smart identity card, or a digital credential 7  to a specific computer .and

would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to 8  a federation of private online identity systems. User

could 9  which system to join, and only registered users whose identities

have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts

with one that would require an Internet driver’s license      10    by

the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single

sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to   11 just once but use

many different services.

 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with

safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of

a  13  community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which

“individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14

,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure

15  which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some

applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme

is an initiative push toward what would 17  be a compulsory Internet

“drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with  18 by some computer security

experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt

would still leave much of the Internet 19  .They argue that all Internet

users should be 20  to register and identify themselves, in the same way

that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

1. A. swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden

2. A. for B. within C. while D. though

3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless

4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal

5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D.

equivalent

6. A. by B. into C. from D. over

7. A. linked B. directed C. chained D. compared

8. A. dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve

9. A. recall B. suggest C. select D. realize

10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered

11. A. carry on B .linger on C. set in D. log in

12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast

13. A. trusted B. modernized c. thriving D. competing

14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience

15. A. on B. after C. beyond D. across

16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united

17. A. frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D.

eventually

18. A. skepticism B. relevance C. indifference D.

enthusiasm

19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D.

invisible

20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing

A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in

January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the

rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much

eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on

Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus

payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the

board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased,

advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations

elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief

executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside

directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own

crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than

10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.

Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the

next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers

concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of

70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the

company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The

likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and

the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger

firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad

performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are

always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier,

smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of

avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news

breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time

any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through

tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will

follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for       .

[A]gaining excessive profits

[B]failing to fulfill her duty

[C]refusing to make compromises

[D]leaving the board in tough times

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to

be       .

[A]generous investors

[B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters

[D]independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside

director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to      .

[A]become more stable

[B]report increased earnings

[C]do less well in the stock market

[D]perform worse in lawsuits

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside

directors       .

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm

[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm

[D]will decline incentives from the firm

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors

is      .

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